MODELISATION DU PROCESSUS DE CONCEPTION ETUDE EXPERIMENTALE DU SYSTEME COMPOSITIONNEL INSTANCE CONCEPTION. HOW DESIGNERS DESIGN AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNING PROCESS.
Résumé
Ce papier propose une description du processus de conception architecturale en tant que processus de manipulation de
l’information qui prend lieu dans la noosphère du sujet concevant. Il élabore un modèle a priori du processus de conception
qu’il soumet à une validation expérimentale par le biais d’une étude empirique basée sur la méthode de l’analyse des recueils
d’observations (protocol analysis).
This paper aims at understanding architectural design thinking. It performs an “a priori” model of the internal mechanisms
involved in designing process and uses a protocol analysis toestablish its validity. It devises a new scheme for coding
designers’ cognitive actions and applies statistical and informational tools to their analysis.
Références
[1] Akin O., Architects’ reasoning with structures and
functions. Environment and planning B: planning and
design, Vol. 20, 1993, pp. 273-294.
[2] Akin, O. Psychology of Architectural Design, Pion,
London, 1986.
[3] Alexander Christopher, De lasynthèse de la forme,
Dunod, Paris, 1971.
[4] Archer Bruce, The Structure of the Design Process, in
Geoffrey Broadbent et Anthony Ward, Ed., Design
Methods in Architecture, AA papers n°4, Londres,
1969.
[5] Archer Bruce, Whatever Became of Design
Methodology, Design Studies, 1 (1) (1979), Chichester,
7 Ce terme est emprunté à Kuhn (1983). Il l’utilise pour désigner
les moments de pratique scientifique qui permettent un
développement de la science établie sans provoquer des
révolutions scientifiques accompagnées de changement de
paradigmes.
1984.
[6] Arrouf Abdelmalek et Bensaci Abdelkader, La
fonction du temps dans le processus de conception,
actes du colloque international « The sense of forms
and temporalities of space », Co-organisé par
l’association internationale de sémiotique de l’espace
(AISE), l’Ecole d’Architecture de Lyon (EAL),
l’Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) de
Strasbourg, l’Université Polytechnique de Catalogne et
l’Université de Genève, Lyon, 5 et 6 Juillet 2004.
[7] Arnheim Rudolf, Dynamique de la forme
architecturale, Pierre Mardaga, Liège, 1986. (1977
pour la première édition en américain).
[8] Asimow, M., Introduction to Design, Prentice-Hall,
New York, 1962.
[9] Bachelard Gaston, La formation de l’esprit
scientifique, Librairie philosophique J. Vrin, Paris,
seizième tirage, 1996.
[10] Bachelard Gaston, Le nouvel esprit scientifique,
Quadrige/PUF, Paris, cinquième édition, 1995.
[11] Bensaci Abdelkader, Une théorie générale de
l’architecture, morphométrie et modélisation
systémique, Thèse de Doctorat nouveau régime,
Université Jean Moulin, Lyon3, 2000.
[12] Boudon Philippe, Introduction à l’architecturologie,
Dunod, Paris, 1992.
[13] Broadbent, Georges, Design in Architecture,
Architecture and the Human Sciences, Wiley & Sons,
London, 1973.
[14] Buchanan Richard, Wicked Problems in Design
Thinking in Design Issues, Vol. VIII, n°2, 1992.
[15] Chan C-S, Cognitive processes in architectural design
problem solving, in Design Studies, Vol. 11, N°2,
1990, pp. 60-80.
[16] Coyne, R. D.; Rosenman, M. A.; Radford, A. D.;
Balachandran, M.; and Gero, J. S., Knowledge-Based
Design Systems, Reading:Addison-Wesley, 1990.
[17] Cross, N., Christiaans, H. and Dorst, K. (eds).,
Analysing Design Activity, JohnWiley, Chichester,
1996.
[18] Cross, Nigel, Developments in Design Methodology,
John Wiley, London, 1984.
[19] Darke J., The Primary Generator and the Design
Process. Environmental Design Research Association,
n°9, 1979, pp. 325-337.
[20] De Biasi Pierre-Marc, Pour une approche génétique de
l’architecture, in Genesis, N° 14/2000, Centre canadien
d’architecture et Jean Michel Place, Paris, pp.13-66.
[21] De Biasi Pierre-Marc, Pourune analyse génétique, des
techniques de projet et du processus de conception en
architecture, étude de genèse des premiers dessins du
projet de F. Montès, Paris, direction de l'architecture,
1990.
[22] Deshayes Philippe, « Modèles a priori et modèles a
posteriori du travail de l’architecte», in La recherche en
architecture un bilan international, Editions
Parenthèses, Marseille, 1986, pp.93-96.
Modélisation du processus de conception étude expérimentale du système compositionnel, instance conception
69
[23] Deshayes Philippe, Modélisation de processus de
conception. La conception architecturale. Le projet
architecturologique. Thèse présentée à l’INPL, en vue
de l’obtention de l’habilitation à diriger des recherches,
Nancy, 1994.
[24] Dorst K. & Cross N., Creativity in the design process:
co-evolution of problem-solution, in Design Studies,
2001.
[25] Dorst K. & Cross Nigel, Protocol analysis as a research
technique for analysing design activity, in Proceedings
of 1995 design engineering technical conferences,
Vol.2, ASME, 1995, pp. 563-570.
[26] Dorst K. & Dijkhuis J., Comparing paradigms for
describing design activity, inDesign Studies, Vol.16,
N°2, 1995, pp. 261-274.
[27] Eastman C. M., On the analysis of intuitive design
processes, in Emerging methos in environmental
design and planning (ed.) by G.T. Moore, MIT Press,
Cambridge, 1970, pp. 21-37.
[28] Ericsson, K. A., & Simon, Herbert A., Protocol
Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data. MIT Press,
Cambridge, 1986.
[29] Gero John S. & Tang H-H, The differences between
retrospective and concurrent protocols in revealing the
process-oriented aspects of the design process, in
Design Studies, Vol.21, 2001.
[30] Gero John S. & Mc Neill Thomas, An Approach to the
Analysis of Design Protocols, in Design Studies,
Vol.19, 1998, pp. 21-61.
[31] Gero, John. S., Constructive memory in design
thinking, in G.Goldschmidt and W. Porter (eds),
Design Thinking Research Symposium: Design
Representation, MIT, Cambridge, 1999, pp. I.29-35.
[32] Gero, John S., Design Prototypes: A Knowledge
Representation Schema for Design, in AI Magazine 11
(4), 1990, pp. 26-36.
[33] Goldschmidt Gabriela, Criteria for design evaluation: a
process-oriented paradigm, in Evaluating and
predicting design performance (ed.) by Y. E. Kalay,
John Wiley and Sons, INC., New York, 1992.
[34] Goldschmidt Gabriela, The Dialectics of sketching, in
Creativity Research Journal, Vol.4, 1991, pp. 123-143.
[35] Jones J.C., The State of the Art in Design Methods in
Geoffrey Broadbent et Anthony Ward, Ed., Design
Methods in Architecture, AA papers n°4, Londres,
1969.
[36] Jones, J. C. and Thornley, D. (eds), Conference on
Design Methods, Pergamon, Oxford, 1963.
[37] Koedinger K. R. & Anderson J. R., Abstract planning
and perceptual chunks: elements of expertise in
geometry. Cognitive Science, Vol. 14, 1990, pp. 511-550.
[38] Kuhn Thomas S., La structure des révolutions
scientifiques, Flammarion, Paris, 1983.
[39] Lassance Guilherme, Analyse du rôle des références
dans la conception : éléments pour une dynamique des
représentations du projet d’ambiance lumineuse en
architecture, Thèse de doctorat, Université de Nantes –
ISITEM, 1998.
[40] Lawson Brian, How Designers Think, W & J Mackay
Ltd, Chatham, Kent, 1980.
[41] Lebahar Jean Charles, Le dessin d’architecte,
simulation graphique et réduction d’incertitude,
éditions Parenthèses, Roquevaire, France, 1983.
[42] Le Moigne Jean-Louis, La modélisation des systèmes
complexes. 2
ème
édition, Editions Dunod, série Afcet
Systèmes, Paris, 1995.
[43] Lloyd P., Can concurrent verbalization reveal design
cognition?, in Design Studies, Vol. 16, N°2, 1995, pp.
237-259.
[44] Madrazo Leandro, «Durand and the Science of
Architecture», in Journal of Architectural Education,
ACSA Inc, N°48, Vol.1, Septembre 1994, pp. 12-24.
[45] Mc Neill Thomas, Gero John S. & Warren James,
Understanding conceptual electronic design using
protocol analysis, in Research in Engineering Design,
Vol. 10, 1998, pp. 129-140.
[46] Mitchell, W. J., Computer-Aided Architectural Design,
Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1977.
[47] Morin Edgar, La méthode 3.La connaissance de la
connaissance, Editions du Seuil, Paris, 1986.
[48] Newell, Allen J.C. Shaw & Herbert A. Simon, The
Process of Creative Thinking,in H. Gruber, G. Terrell
& M. Wertheimer, eds., Contemporary Approaches to
Creative Thinking, pp. 63-119, Atherton Press, New
York, 1967.
[49] Popper Karl R, La quête inachevée, Calmann- Lévy,
Paris, 1981.
[50] Pousin Frédéric et Hubert Damisch, L’architecture
mise en scène : essai sur la représentation du modèle
grec au XVIIIème siècle., Arguments, Paris, 1995.
[51] Quintrand Paul et al., La conception assistée par
ordinateur en architecture, Hermes, Paris, 1985.
[52] Schön D. A. & Wiggins G., Kind of seeing and their
functions in designing, inDesign Studies, Vol.13,
1992, pp. 135-156.
[53] Simon Herbert, Science des systèmes, Sciences de
l’Artificiel, (traduit de l’américain par Jean Louis Le
Moigne, 1990 pour la deuxième édition et 1975 pour la
traduction française), Editions Dunod, Paris.
[54] Suwa Masaki & Motoda H., PCLEARN: a model for
learning perceptual-chunks. Proceedings of the 16
th
annual conference of the cognitive science society,
LEA, Inc., NJ, 1994, pp. 830-835.
[55] Suwa Masaki & Tversky Barbara, What do architects
and students perceive in their design sketches?: a
protocol analysis, in Design Studies, 18, 1997, pp.385-403.
[56] Suwa Masaki, Gero J.S. & Purcell Terry, The roles of
sketches in early conceptual design processes, in
Proceedings of Twentieth Annual Meeting of the
Cognitive Science Society, Lawrence Erlbaum,
Hillsdale, NJ., 1998, pp. 1043-1048.
[57] Suwa Masaki, Gero John S. & Purcell Terry,
Unexpected Discoveries and S-invention of design
70
requirements: A key to creative designs, in J.S. Gero
and M. L. Maher (eds.), Computational Models of
Creative Design, Key Centreof Design Computing and
Cognition, University of Sydney, 1999, Sydney.
[58] Suwa Masaki, Gero John S. & Purcell Terry,
Unexpected Discoveries: how designers discover
hidden features in sketches, in Gero J. and Tversky B.
(eds), Visual and spatial reasoning in design, Key
Centre of design computing and cognition, University
of Sydney, 1999, Sydney, pp. 145-162.
[59] Suwa Masaki, Purcell Terry & Gero John S.,
Macroscopic Analysis of Design processes based on a
scheme for coding designer’s cognitive actions in
Design Studies, Vol.19, 1998, pp. 455-483.
[60] Suwa Masaki, Tversky Barbara, Gero John S. &
Purcell Terry, Seeing into sketches: regrouping parts
encourages new interpretations, in
[61] Tang Hsein-Hui & Gero John S., A cognitive method
to measure potential creativity in designing, in Bento
C., Cardoso A. and WigginsG. (eds), Workshop 17 –
Creative systems: Approaches to creativity in AI and
cognitive science, ECAI-02, 2002, Lyon, pp. 47-54.
[62] Treisman Anne, L’attention, les traits et la perception
des objets, in Andler Daniel (ed.), Introduction aux
sciences cognitives, Gallimard, Paris, 1992, pp. 153-195.
[63] van Someren, M. W., Barnard,Y. F. and Sandberth, J.
A. C., The Think Aloud Method: A Practical Guide to
Modelling Cognitive Processes, Academic Press,
London, 1994.
[64] Ullman, D.G, Deiterich, T.G and Stauffer, L.. A Model
of the Mechanical Design Process Based on Empirical
Data, Artificial Intelligence in Engineering, Design and
Manufacture,1988, 2(1), 33-52.
[65] Zeisel John, Inquiry by Design : Tools for
Environmental Behavior Research, Monterey, 1981
functions. Environment and planning B: planning and
design, Vol. 20, 1993, pp. 273-294.
[2] Akin, O. Psychology of Architectural Design, Pion,
London, 1986.
[3] Alexander Christopher, De lasynthèse de la forme,
Dunod, Paris, 1971.
[4] Archer Bruce, The Structure of the Design Process, in
Geoffrey Broadbent et Anthony Ward, Ed., Design
Methods in Architecture, AA papers n°4, Londres,
1969.
[5] Archer Bruce, Whatever Became of Design
Methodology, Design Studies, 1 (1) (1979), Chichester,
7 Ce terme est emprunté à Kuhn (1983). Il l’utilise pour désigner
les moments de pratique scientifique qui permettent un
développement de la science établie sans provoquer des
révolutions scientifiques accompagnées de changement de
paradigmes.
1984.
[6] Arrouf Abdelmalek et Bensaci Abdelkader, La
fonction du temps dans le processus de conception,
actes du colloque international « The sense of forms
and temporalities of space », Co-organisé par
l’association internationale de sémiotique de l’espace
(AISE), l’Ecole d’Architecture de Lyon (EAL),
l’Institut National des Sciences Appliquées (INSA) de
Strasbourg, l’Université Polytechnique de Catalogne et
l’Université de Genève, Lyon, 5 et 6 Juillet 2004.
[7] Arnheim Rudolf, Dynamique de la forme
architecturale, Pierre Mardaga, Liège, 1986. (1977
pour la première édition en américain).
[8] Asimow, M., Introduction to Design, Prentice-Hall,
New York, 1962.
[9] Bachelard Gaston, La formation de l’esprit
scientifique, Librairie philosophique J. Vrin, Paris,
seizième tirage, 1996.
[10] Bachelard Gaston, Le nouvel esprit scientifique,
Quadrige/PUF, Paris, cinquième édition, 1995.
[11] Bensaci Abdelkader, Une théorie générale de
l’architecture, morphométrie et modélisation
systémique, Thèse de Doctorat nouveau régime,
Université Jean Moulin, Lyon3, 2000.
[12] Boudon Philippe, Introduction à l’architecturologie,
Dunod, Paris, 1992.
[13] Broadbent, Georges, Design in Architecture,
Architecture and the Human Sciences, Wiley & Sons,
London, 1973.
[14] Buchanan Richard, Wicked Problems in Design
Thinking in Design Issues, Vol. VIII, n°2, 1992.
[15] Chan C-S, Cognitive processes in architectural design
problem solving, in Design Studies, Vol. 11, N°2,
1990, pp. 60-80.
[16] Coyne, R. D.; Rosenman, M. A.; Radford, A. D.;
Balachandran, M.; and Gero, J. S., Knowledge-Based
Design Systems, Reading:Addison-Wesley, 1990.
[17] Cross, N., Christiaans, H. and Dorst, K. (eds).,
Analysing Design Activity, JohnWiley, Chichester,
1996.
[18] Cross, Nigel, Developments in Design Methodology,
John Wiley, London, 1984.
[19] Darke J., The Primary Generator and the Design
Process. Environmental Design Research Association,
n°9, 1979, pp. 325-337.
[20] De Biasi Pierre-Marc, Pour une approche génétique de
l’architecture, in Genesis, N° 14/2000, Centre canadien
d’architecture et Jean Michel Place, Paris, pp.13-66.
[21] De Biasi Pierre-Marc, Pourune analyse génétique, des
techniques de projet et du processus de conception en
architecture, étude de genèse des premiers dessins du
projet de F. Montès, Paris, direction de l'architecture,
1990.
[22] Deshayes Philippe, « Modèles a priori et modèles a
posteriori du travail de l’architecte», in La recherche en
architecture un bilan international, Editions
Parenthèses, Marseille, 1986, pp.93-96.
Modélisation du processus de conception étude expérimentale du système compositionnel, instance conception
69
[23] Deshayes Philippe, Modélisation de processus de
conception. La conception architecturale. Le projet
architecturologique. Thèse présentée à l’INPL, en vue
de l’obtention de l’habilitation à diriger des recherches,
Nancy, 1994.
[24] Dorst K. & Cross N., Creativity in the design process:
co-evolution of problem-solution, in Design Studies,
2001.
[25] Dorst K. & Cross Nigel, Protocol analysis as a research
technique for analysing design activity, in Proceedings
of 1995 design engineering technical conferences,
Vol.2, ASME, 1995, pp. 563-570.
[26] Dorst K. & Dijkhuis J., Comparing paradigms for
describing design activity, inDesign Studies, Vol.16,
N°2, 1995, pp. 261-274.
[27] Eastman C. M., On the analysis of intuitive design
processes, in Emerging methos in environmental
design and planning (ed.) by G.T. Moore, MIT Press,
Cambridge, 1970, pp. 21-37.
[28] Ericsson, K. A., & Simon, Herbert A., Protocol
Analysis: Verbal Reports as Data. MIT Press,
Cambridge, 1986.
[29] Gero John S. & Tang H-H, The differences between
retrospective and concurrent protocols in revealing the
process-oriented aspects of the design process, in
Design Studies, Vol.21, 2001.
[30] Gero John S. & Mc Neill Thomas, An Approach to the
Analysis of Design Protocols, in Design Studies,
Vol.19, 1998, pp. 21-61.
[31] Gero, John. S., Constructive memory in design
thinking, in G.Goldschmidt and W. Porter (eds),
Design Thinking Research Symposium: Design
Representation, MIT, Cambridge, 1999, pp. I.29-35.
[32] Gero, John S., Design Prototypes: A Knowledge
Representation Schema for Design, in AI Magazine 11
(4), 1990, pp. 26-36.
[33] Goldschmidt Gabriela, Criteria for design evaluation: a
process-oriented paradigm, in Evaluating and
predicting design performance (ed.) by Y. E. Kalay,
John Wiley and Sons, INC., New York, 1992.
[34] Goldschmidt Gabriela, The Dialectics of sketching, in
Creativity Research Journal, Vol.4, 1991, pp. 123-143.
[35] Jones J.C., The State of the Art in Design Methods in
Geoffrey Broadbent et Anthony Ward, Ed., Design
Methods in Architecture, AA papers n°4, Londres,
1969.
[36] Jones, J. C. and Thornley, D. (eds), Conference on
Design Methods, Pergamon, Oxford, 1963.
[37] Koedinger K. R. & Anderson J. R., Abstract planning
and perceptual chunks: elements of expertise in
geometry. Cognitive Science, Vol. 14, 1990, pp. 511-550.
[38] Kuhn Thomas S., La structure des révolutions
scientifiques, Flammarion, Paris, 1983.
[39] Lassance Guilherme, Analyse du rôle des références
dans la conception : éléments pour une dynamique des
représentations du projet d’ambiance lumineuse en
architecture, Thèse de doctorat, Université de Nantes –
ISITEM, 1998.
[40] Lawson Brian, How Designers Think, W & J Mackay
Ltd, Chatham, Kent, 1980.
[41] Lebahar Jean Charles, Le dessin d’architecte,
simulation graphique et réduction d’incertitude,
éditions Parenthèses, Roquevaire, France, 1983.
[42] Le Moigne Jean-Louis, La modélisation des systèmes
complexes. 2
ème
édition, Editions Dunod, série Afcet
Systèmes, Paris, 1995.
[43] Lloyd P., Can concurrent verbalization reveal design
cognition?, in Design Studies, Vol. 16, N°2, 1995, pp.
237-259.
[44] Madrazo Leandro, «Durand and the Science of
Architecture», in Journal of Architectural Education,
ACSA Inc, N°48, Vol.1, Septembre 1994, pp. 12-24.
[45] Mc Neill Thomas, Gero John S. & Warren James,
Understanding conceptual electronic design using
protocol analysis, in Research in Engineering Design,
Vol. 10, 1998, pp. 129-140.
[46] Mitchell, W. J., Computer-Aided Architectural Design,
Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, 1977.
[47] Morin Edgar, La méthode 3.La connaissance de la
connaissance, Editions du Seuil, Paris, 1986.
[48] Newell, Allen J.C. Shaw & Herbert A. Simon, The
Process of Creative Thinking,in H. Gruber, G. Terrell
& M. Wertheimer, eds., Contemporary Approaches to
Creative Thinking, pp. 63-119, Atherton Press, New
York, 1967.
[49] Popper Karl R, La quête inachevée, Calmann- Lévy,
Paris, 1981.
[50] Pousin Frédéric et Hubert Damisch, L’architecture
mise en scène : essai sur la représentation du modèle
grec au XVIIIème siècle., Arguments, Paris, 1995.
[51] Quintrand Paul et al., La conception assistée par
ordinateur en architecture, Hermes, Paris, 1985.
[52] Schön D. A. & Wiggins G., Kind of seeing and their
functions in designing, inDesign Studies, Vol.13,
1992, pp. 135-156.
[53] Simon Herbert, Science des systèmes, Sciences de
l’Artificiel, (traduit de l’américain par Jean Louis Le
Moigne, 1990 pour la deuxième édition et 1975 pour la
traduction française), Editions Dunod, Paris.
[54] Suwa Masaki & Motoda H., PCLEARN: a model for
learning perceptual-chunks. Proceedings of the 16
th
annual conference of the cognitive science society,
LEA, Inc., NJ, 1994, pp. 830-835.
[55] Suwa Masaki & Tversky Barbara, What do architects
and students perceive in their design sketches?: a
protocol analysis, in Design Studies, 18, 1997, pp.385-403.
[56] Suwa Masaki, Gero J.S. & Purcell Terry, The roles of
sketches in early conceptual design processes, in
Proceedings of Twentieth Annual Meeting of the
Cognitive Science Society, Lawrence Erlbaum,
Hillsdale, NJ., 1998, pp. 1043-1048.
[57] Suwa Masaki, Gero John S. & Purcell Terry,
Unexpected Discoveries and S-invention of design
70
requirements: A key to creative designs, in J.S. Gero
and M. L. Maher (eds.), Computational Models of
Creative Design, Key Centreof Design Computing and
Cognition, University of Sydney, 1999, Sydney.
[58] Suwa Masaki, Gero John S. & Purcell Terry,
Unexpected Discoveries: how designers discover
hidden features in sketches, in Gero J. and Tversky B.
(eds), Visual and spatial reasoning in design, Key
Centre of design computing and cognition, University
of Sydney, 1999, Sydney, pp. 145-162.
[59] Suwa Masaki, Purcell Terry & Gero John S.,
Macroscopic Analysis of Design processes based on a
scheme for coding designer’s cognitive actions in
Design Studies, Vol.19, 1998, pp. 455-483.
[60] Suwa Masaki, Tversky Barbara, Gero John S. &
Purcell Terry, Seeing into sketches: regrouping parts
encourages new interpretations, in
[61] Tang Hsein-Hui & Gero John S., A cognitive method
to measure potential creativity in designing, in Bento
C., Cardoso A. and WigginsG. (eds), Workshop 17 –
Creative systems: Approaches to creativity in AI and
cognitive science, ECAI-02, 2002, Lyon, pp. 47-54.
[62] Treisman Anne, L’attention, les traits et la perception
des objets, in Andler Daniel (ed.), Introduction aux
sciences cognitives, Gallimard, Paris, 1992, pp. 153-195.
[63] van Someren, M. W., Barnard,Y. F. and Sandberth, J.
A. C., The Think Aloud Method: A Practical Guide to
Modelling Cognitive Processes, Academic Press,
London, 1994.
[64] Ullman, D.G, Deiterich, T.G and Stauffer, L.. A Model
of the Mechanical Design Process Based on Empirical
Data, Artificial Intelligence in Engineering, Design and
Manufacture,1988, 2(1), 33-52.
[65] Zeisel John, Inquiry by Design : Tools for
Environmental Behavior Research, Monterey, 1981
Comment citer
ABDELMALEK, ARROUF; ABDELKADER, BENSACI.
MODELISATION DU PROCESSUS DE CONCEPTION ETUDE EXPERIMENTALE DU SYSTEME COMPOSITIONNEL INSTANCE CONCEPTION. HOW DESIGNERS DESIGN AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY OF ARCHITECTURAL DESIGNING PROCESS..
Courrier du Savoir, [S.l.], v. 7, mai 2014.
ISSN 1112-3338.
Disponible à l'adresse : >https://revues.univ-biskra.dz./index.php/cds/article/view/345>. Date de consultation : 14 nov. 2024
Rubrique
Articles
